Play Is Important For Public Health
By Robby Layton, Ph.D.
The United States is experiencing an obesity epidemic. People in Alexandria, Virginia, have decided to do something about it.
A 2007 showed that in Alexandria, over 40% of children between two and five were overweight or obese. Recognizing that getting children active through healthy play is one ways to address the problem, several local organizations partnered to obtain a grant from the Kaiser Permanente Healthy Eating Active Living (HEAL) program to conduct a study and improve access to public and semi-public play spaces throughout the city. Kudos to the Alexandria Childhood Obesity Action Network and the City of Alexandria for leading this effort..
GIS Study Reveals Root Issues
GIS was a key tool in the study. The first step was to identify all public and semi-public play spaces throughout the city. A play space was defined as a playground, facility, or location where elements specifically intended for children's play are located. This included play spaces at public parks, schools, and other facilities that were open to the public on at least a partial basis.
Play is important.
The United Nations High Commission for Human Rights considers play so important that it has officially recognized it as a fundamental right of every child.
A total of 86 play spaces were identified and located through the use of the following:
Aerial photographs of the city
Data provided by project partners
Alexandria Planning Department and Alexandria Department of Recreation, Parks, and Cultural Facilities
A field evaluation of the 86 play spaces was conducted by playground experts in April, 2011. The evaluation team developed a scoring system to assess the value of each play space by looking at five aspects of play considered to be beneficial to children:
Physical domain: opportunities for appropriate physical activity.
Intellectual domain: opportunities to be creative.
Social domain: opportunities to engage with other children and adults in positive ways.
Natural domain: opportunities to be in physical contact with the natural environment.
Free play: opportunities for unstructured play, such as open areas with appropriate surfacing for running, crawling, and rolling
In addition, a set of attributes that contribute to making a play space more inviting and comfortable were identified, including ease of access, perceived safety of the location and its surroundings, protection from sun and rain, and the availability of restrooms and drinking water.
The scoring was entered into a geo-database and used to calculate a numerical value for each play space. Play spaces could then be ranked and compared to one another in terms of the value they provide.
Analysis of the Data
The consulting team has used Esri products for more than ten years to perform a variety of geospatial analyses of communities related to parks, recreation, and public health. In this case, ArcGIS was used to map the locations of play spaces and analyze play throughout the city. All data management, mapping, and analyses were performed within ArcGIS, without the need to export, import, or join to other applications.
Figure 1. Heat map using scores for each play space to produce a level of service value for any location within the city.
Assigning the scores for each play space to a buffer around it yielded a heat map that shows the cumulative value of all play spaces within one-third of a mile of any location in the city. This was assumed to be a walkable distance for children and their caregivers. Significant barriers that might restrict or impede pedestrians were incorporated into the analysis.
The resultant map shows a level of service value for access to play spaces for any location in the city. These values range from a low of 0, where no play spaces are within proximity, to a high of 2,836, where multiple facilities with high scores are within one-third of a mile.
Actionable Results
The heat map was analyzed to determine where a basic threshold of service for play was being provided to children in Alexandria. The threshold used was the score that a single play space would achieve if it scored the median value for each component and modifier. When this threshold is applied to the heat map, it is now possible to determine whether any location in the city has access to a basic level of service for play spaces. Any point on the map where the value is at or above the threshold is shown in purple. Areas where the value is below the threshold but greater than 0 are shown in yellow. All other areas have a score of 0 and are shown in gray.
Overlaying this information in ArcGIS with a map of population densities of children in Alexandria allows planners to decide where play spaces should be improved or added. Where areas without service coincide with higher densities of children, new play spaces are needed. Areas where service is available but falls below the threshold may be considered areas of opportunity. Within such areas, there is at least one play space serving that location. By adding components or otherwise upgrading those play spaces, service in these areas can be improved, which will increase their score and bring them above the threshold.
